An analysis of the greenhouse gas emissions profile of airlines flying the Australian international market

International commercial flights (with the exception of flights between countries in European Union including Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein) are currently not subject to greenhouse gas emission reduction regulation. To formulate effective and efficiency policy to manage greenhouse gas emissions from air transport, policy makers need to determine the emissions profiles of all airlines currently flying into their country or region. In this paper, we use 2012 data on airlines' aircraft characteristics, passenger load and cargo load (obtained from statistics reported by Australian Government Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) to estimate the volume and carbon efficiency on each international route flying to and from Australia. This is the first study to use actual passenger and cargo load data to determine the greenhouse gas (specifically CO₂) efficiency of airlines operating in the Australian international aviation market. Airlines' CO₂ emission profile is dependent on many factors including but not limited to the aircraft used, payload, route taken, weather conditions. Our results reveal that the airlines’ CO₂ emission profile is not only dependent on the aircraft used and the number of passengers but also the amount of cargo on each flight.     

Alternatives to local content requirements in resource-rich countries

This paper discusses whether and to what extent resource-rich developing countries should introduce local content policies, i.e. requirements to include local inputs in petroleum extraction activities of multinational corporations. We argue that local content needs to be seen as a public expenditure question, since local content requirements increase multinational costs, and hence reduce the taxes which can be extracted from these companies. This implies that there are opportunity costs in imposing local content requirements, since the forgone taxes can be used in others ways which could potentially do more to improve development prospects. Moreover, past experiences of resource-rich developing countries suggest that local content policies can exacerbate key problems of patronage and rent-seeking which resource rents generate, increasing the chance that the resource wealth will prevent rather than help development. These arguments suggest that an optimal local content policy in the context of flawed institutions is a more limited one than those typically pursued by developing countries with recently discovered petroleum reserves. Using qualitative data from Tanzania, a country with recent discoveries of substantial natural gas deposits, we analyze why local content tends to become such a central issue in debates and policy processes, despite its potentially problematic aspects.     

工作面上隅角瓦斯治理技术实践

为了解决工作面瓦斯经常超限的问题,通过向上隅角上方打钻和采空区埋管进行气体分析,确定了上隅角瓦斯主要来自于顶板裂隙带,通过设置低位钻向裂隙带施工拦截钻孔抽采有效解决了工作面上隅角瓦斯超限的问题,该方法对其他瓦斯矿井具有极大的借鉴意义。     

The response of U.S. natural gas futures and spot prices to storage change surprises: Fundamental information and the effect of escalating physical gas production

We study the behavior of U.S. natural gas futures and spot prices on and around the weekly announcements by the U.S. Energy Information Administration of the amount of natural gas in storage. We identify an inverse empirical relation between changes in futures prices and surprises in the change in natural gas in storage and that this relation is not driven by the absolute size of the surprise. The evidence also indicates prices react first in the futures market for natural gas with that information then flowing to the spot market. Post 2005, corresponding to a period of significant increases in the production of natural gas in the United States, the response of prices to storage surprises was larger in absolute value. No evidence is found of economically meaningful reactions to the surprise other than on the date the storage news is released. The results demonstrate the importance of fundamental information in the formation of natural gas prices.     

采气工劳动防护用品配置配备标准分析探讨

针对采气工在生产工作中所处的工作环境,分析了其对人体的7个部位可能造成的伤害,提出了"配置到站"与"配置到人"两种配置模式,从标准的适应性和经济性进行了分析,并提出了相应的劳动防护用品配置标准的改进建议。     

中俄天然气合作博弈分析

中俄两国在能源领域的合作受到全球越来越多的关注，中俄能源合作有着广阔的前景，但目前还存在一些具体的问题，石油管线的修建一波三折，天然气合作仍处在初级阶段。针对两国在天然气合作过程中出现的现象和问题，本文将运用博弈论思想做出具体的分析。     

浆态床一步法二甲醚产业化技术突破与进展

介绍了清华大学与重庆英力燃化有限公司合作开发的燃料级二甲醚合成中试研发进展。采用新型循环浆态床反应器一步法合成二甲醚技术取得了实质性突破，并获得了良好的中试结果：CO单程转化率达到60％以上，DME选择性达到94％，明显优于APCI和NKK的浆态床二甲醚合成工艺。     

反相高效液相色谱法快速分析紫脲酸

为了给咖啡因生产中的亚硝化反应、还原工艺提供准确的中间体检测数据,寻找紫脲酸含量快速分析方法,利用反相高效液相色谱法,通过进行紫脲酸样品波长选择实验、系统适用性实验、定量摸索实验、精密度实验、线性实验,确定了检测波长和紫脲酸样品质量浓度与样品峰面积之间的线性关系。在15.80~188.60mg/L范围内,紫脲酸样品质量浓度与样品峰面积之间的线性方程为y=71.785x,相关系数R2=0.999 8,表明紫脲酸样品质量浓度与样品峰面积之间具有良好的线性关系。使用反相高效液相色谱法能准确、快速检测紫脲酸样品含量,及时对还原反应进行过程监控。     

格列苯脲有关物质检查中色谱柱的选择

高效液相色谱法作为含量测定和有关杂质检查的方法被越来越多地应用于各国药品标准中,色谱柱是高效液相色谱法的关键,但由于色谱柱种类繁多以及选择性的差异,导致药典在执行过程中很难保证检查方法的重现性,因此选择合适的色谱柱成为色谱分析的关键。以降糖药格列苯脲有关物质检查中色谱柱的选择为例,参照欧洲药典(EP7.0),对给出的5种色谱柱分别按照不同的分类方法进行分类,对5种色谱柱有关物质检查系统的适用性分别进行测试。根据测试结果得出的结论,分析比较了不同色谱柱分类方法对色谱柱选择所起的作用。分析结果表明,结合不同的色谱柱分类方法对色谱柱进行选择,可以选出适用的色谱柱。     

关于中国跨国油气管道安全问题的思考

近年来,我国能源对外依存度不断提高,我国通过多条跨国管道保障国家的能源供应安全。本文简要介绍了我国陆上油气通道的情况,分析了这些跨国油气管道所面临的政治、社会、宗教、战争等风险,提出了应对这些风险的措施,供相关企业及部门参考。